D-Salicin, Salicin 
BitterDB id=461 , Natural
Detailed experimental validation described in the associated resource.
References for the compound bitterness
| Resource | Comment | |
|---|---|---|
| [1] | Rodgers S, Glen RC, Bender A (None). Characterizing bitterness: identification of key structural features and development of a classification model. J Chem Inf Model 46(2): 569-76. PubMed 16562985 | |
| [2] | Dotson CD, Zhang L, Xu H, Shin YK, Vigues S, et al. (2008). Bitter taste receptors influence glucose homeostasis. PLoS One 3(12): e3974. PubMed 19092995 | |
| [3] | Sakurai T, Misaka T, Ishiguro M, Masuda K, Sugawara T, et al. (2010). Characterization of the beta-D-glucopyranoside binding site of the human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R16. J Biol Chem 285(36): 28373-8. PubMed 20605788 | |
| [4] | URL link | |
| [5] | Intelmann, D. et al. Three TAS2R Bitter Taste Receptors Mediate the Psychophysical Responses to Bitter Compounds of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and Beer. Chemosensory Perception 2, 118-132(2009). springerlink | imparting a long-lasting bitter taste sensation perceived mainly in the back of the tongue as well as the throat |
| [6] | Imai H. et al. Functional diversity of bitter taste receptor TAS2R16 in primates, Biology Letters, 2012, 8(4) PubMed 22399783 | |
| [7] | Thomas A. et al. The Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R16 Achieves High Specificity and Accommodates Diverse Glycoside Ligands by using a Two-faced Binding Pocket, Scientific Reports, 2017, 7, 7753 PubMed 28798468 | |
| [8] | Itoigawa A. et al. A natural point mutation in the bitter taste receptor TAS2R16 causes inverse agonism of arbutin in lemur gustation, 2019, 286, 1904 PubMed 31161904 | |
| [9] | Lu Q. et al. Molecular evolution and deorphanization of bitter taste receptors in a vampire bat, Integrative Zoology, 2021, 16(5), 659-669 PubMed 33289344 | |
| [10] | Yang Q. et al. Comprehensive identification of non-volatile bitter-tasting compounds in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. by untargeted metabolomics combined with sensory-guided fractionation technique, Food Chemistry, 2021, 347, 129085 PubMed 33493837 | |
| [11] | Yanagisawa T. and Misaka T. Characterization of the Human Bitter Taste Receptor Response to Sesquiterpene Lactones from Edible Asteraceae Species and Suppression of Bitterness through pH Control, ACS Omega, 2021, 6(6), 4401–4407 PubMed 33644553 | |
| [12] | Itoigawa A. et al. Lowered sensitivity of bitter taste receptors to β-glucosides in bamboo lemurs: an instance of parallel and adaptive functional decline in TAS2R16?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2021, 288(1948) PubMed 33849315 | |
| [13] | Jiao H. et al. Local Adaptation of Bitter Taste and Ecological Speciation in a Wild Mammal, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2021, 38(10), 4562–4572 PubMed 34240186 | |
| [14] | Yang H. et al. A New World Monkey Resembles Human in Bitter Taste Receptor Evolution and Function via a Single Parallel Amino Acid Substitution, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2021, 38(12), 5472–5479 PubMed 34469542 | |
| [15] | Shimizu T. et al. Expression profiles and functional characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) T2Rs, Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 2021, 28, 101123 PubMed 34504956 | |
| [16] | Cui M. et al. Activation of specific bitter taste receptors by olive oil phenolics and secoiridoids, Sci Rep, 2021, 11, 22340 PubMed 34785711 | |
| [17] | Itoigawa A. et al. Functional Diversity and Evolution of Bitter Taste Receptors in Egg-Laying Mammals, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2022, 39(6) PubMed 35652727 | |
| [18] | Yan J. and Tong H. An overview of bitter compounds in foodstuffs: Classifications, evaluation methods for sensory contribution, separation and identification techniques, and mechanism of bitter taste transduction, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2023, 22(1), PubMed 36382875 | |
| [19] | Lang T. et al. Activation Profile of TAS2R2, the 26th Human Bitter Taste Receptor, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2023, 67(11) PubMed 36929150 | |
| [20] | Karolkowski A. et al. Non-Volatile Compounds Involved in Bitterness and Astringency of Pulses: A Review, Molecules, 2023, 28(8), 3298 PubMed 37110532 | |
| [21] | Bufe B, Hofmann T, Krautwurst D, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W (2002). The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides. Nat Genet 32(3): 397-401. PubMed 12379855 | |
| [22] | URL link | |
| [23] | Merck Index Monograph Number: 8324 | Aq solns are neutral to litmus and have a bitter taste. |
Known bitter receptors targets:
| Receptor Name | Effective concentration (μM) | EC50 (μM) | References | Sequence variant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hTas2r16 |
70.0 | 1400.0 | PubMed:20022913 | AAH95524.1 |
|
hTas2r16 |
220.0 | PubMed:20605788 | ||
|
hTas2r16 |
486.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
hTas2r16 |
480.0 | PubMed:22399783 | ||
|
hTas2r16 |
10000.0 | PubMed:34785711 | ||
|
hTas2r16 |
70.0 | 1400.0 | PubMed:37110532 | |
|
hTas2r16 |
10000.0 | 1700.0 | PubMed:28798468 | |
|
hTas2r16 |
40000.0 | 1500.0 | PubMed:35652727 | |
|
hTas2r46 |
50000.0 | PubMed:33644553 | ||
mTas2r126 |
10000 | PubMed:27226572 | ||
droTas2r408 |
10000.0 | PubMed:33289344 | ||
oaTas2r811 |
40000.0 | 380.0 | PubMed:35652727 | |
|
oaTas2r813a |
40000.0 | PubMed:35652727 | ||
tacTas2r813 |
40000.0 | PubMed:35652727 | ||
btTas2r16 |
40000.0 | 6200.0 | PubMed:35652727 | |
laTas2r16c |
40000.0 | 2800.0 | PubMed:35652727 | |
dvTas2r705 |
40000.0 | PubMed:35652727 | ||
meTas2r705b |
40000.0 | 1300.0 | PubMed:35652727 | |
pciTas2r705c |
40000.0 | PubMed:35652727 | ||
ccarpTas2r201 |
10000.0 | PubMed:34504956 | ||
lcateTas2r16 |
10000.0 | PubMed:36780530 | ||
ptTas2r16 |
1000.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
ptTas2r16 |
1000.0 | PubMed:22399783 | ||
|
nleTas2r16 |
734.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
mmTas2r16 |
4182.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
mmTas2r16 |
7500.0 | PubMed:22399783 | ||
|
tlTas2r16 |
2300.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
tlTas2r16 |
2300.0 | PubMed:22399783 | ||
|
pnTas2r16 |
2845.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
pcuTas2r16 |
2479.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
ppiTas2r16 |
511.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
ccalTas2r16 |
1002.9999999999999 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
calTas2r16 |
928.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
lcattTas2r16 |
1100.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
lcattTas2r16 |
1000.0 | 2100.0 | PubMed:33849315 | |
|
lcattTas2r16 |
1100.0 | PubMed:31161904 | ||
|
emTas2r16 |
2300.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
emTas2r16 |
2300.0 | PubMed:31161904 | ||
|
vvTas2r16 |
3800.0 | PubMed:34469542 | ||
|
vvTas2r16 |
3800.0 | PubMed:31161904 | ||
|
psTas2r16 |
40000.0 | PubMed:33849315 | ||
|
hauTas2r16 |
2500.0 | 6800.0 | PubMed:33849315 | |
sgTas2r118 |
10000.0 | PubMed:34240186 | ||
|
sgTas2r143 |
10000.0 | PubMed:34240186 |
Sensory data about the compound bitterness:
| Sensory Data Type | Value | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bitter recognition threshold | 1.4 [mM] | Reference |
| Bitter recognition threshold | 0.2 [mM] | Reference |
| Bitter recognition threshold | 0.2 [mM] | Reference |
| Bitter recognition threshold | 0.2 [mM] | Reference |
| Bitter recognition threshold | 0.2 [mM] | Reference |
| Bitter recognition EC50 | 1.1 [mM] | Reference |
Properties:
| 286.2800 [g/mol] | -1.64240 |
| 5 | 7 |
| 1 | 2 |
| 4 |
Identifiers:
| 138-52-3 |
| C13H18O7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NGFMICBWJRZIBI-UJPOAAIJSA-N |
Links:
| [1] | 439503 | ||
| [2] | ZINC000003847505 |
